Measles can inflame the testes impaired fertility

However, it is unclear how obesity elicits its effects on sperm morphology or function. We report here on the use of a Male obese mouse model which was successfully induced by being fed a high fat diet HFD. In parallel, semen samples from healthy, overweight and obese human males were collected and then analyzed. This endeavor had two goals: 1 To determine if obesity can either induce inflammatory responses or increase the expression of pro-inflammation cytokines in the male genital tract and serum; 2 To determine if the proinflammatory cytokines had effects on relevant signaling pathways mediating control of testicular spermatogenesis or on sperm function in the caudal epididymis.

Animal experiments were conducted according to the International Guiding Principles for Biomedical Research Involving Animals, as promulgated by the Society for the Study of Reproduction. Male mice were divided in two groups every time: 10 mice were continuously fed a high-fat diet HFD containing Body weight of all animals and food intake were measured every week.

Mice testes, epididymal caput and cauda, prostate, and seminal vesicle were homogenized in the TRIzol reagent Invitrogen, US. Use of the semen samples was approved by the Ethics Committee of this institution and all experiments were performed in accordance with relevant guidelines and regulations. All semen specimens, both from normal and obese or overweight donors 20 to 35 years old , were collected and the donors gave written informed consent for the use of their leftover semen samples when all IVF treatments finished.

Notably, individuals having a history of long-term medication, varicocoele, and infection as indicated by a large number of leukocytes in the semen were excluded from the study. All data were analyzed using SAS 8. Comparisons between two groups were made using student's t -test appropriately.

The differences in body weight between these two groups persisted for 6 weeks Figure 1A. The food intake by the HFD group per week was always less than that of normal diet group Figure 1B , but the high-fat diet contains much more calories.

Besides, liver morphological analysis clearly indicated that the high-fat diet fed mice had a serious hepatic steatosis and fat vacuoles were evident in almost every hepatic cell Figure 1C. Then, mice fed a high-fat diet for 10 weeks were placed in the obese group whereas those fed a normal diet were assigned to the control group.

Figure 1. High fat diet feeding establishes obese mouse model. Besides, in obese mice, ApoB and ApoE levels were significantly elevated compared to those in control mice 0. Figure 2. Alteration of serum lipid and sex hormone level profiles in HFD mice. Serum estradiol level was much higher in obese mice than that in the control group Morphological analysis of the testes indicated that obese mice had an abnormal testicular structure compared with that of normal mice Figure 3.

The seminiferous epithelia were atrophied in high-fat diet mice and cell adhesion between spermatogenic cells and Sertoli cells were impaired and loosely arranged. Figure 3. On the other hand, the corticosterone level was significantly higher in obese mice than that in the control group Meanwhile, the level of IgG was much higher in high-fat diet mice than that in control group Figure 4. Alteration of inflammation related cytokines in sera. These results further validated that obesity can indeed induce a chronic inflammatory status in the male mice genital tract.

Figure 5. Differential expressions of pro-inflammatory cytokines and NLRP3 inflammasome protein in male genital tract. The results of Western blots showed that all of these effectors were upregulated in response to high-fat treatment Figure 6. Figure 6. Alteration of testicular inflammation related protein levels. To confirm that chronic inflammation existed in the genital tract of overweight and obese males, semen samples from normal weight, overweight and obese human males were collected and then analyzed accordingly.

Especially, the sperm concentration and motility from overweight sperm concentration: The results showed that IL-6 expression in the seminal plasma from overweight Figure 7. Comparison of parameter values used to assess sperm health and pro-inflammatory cytokine levels in seminal plasma of normal weight, overweight and obese males. Pearson r correlation calculations evaluated the association between BMI, sperm parameters and seminal plasma cytokine levels.

Chronic inflammation is relevant to increases in adipose tissue content, which occurs along with the expression of abnormal adipocytokines, including several interleukins and tumor necrosis factor Kaur, Moreover, high-fat diet feeding is known to induce increases in the secretion of intestinal pro-inflammatory cytokines and large increases in intestinal permeability Li et al. In our previous findings, the male obese mouse model induced by high-fat diet can develop a remarkable impairment of sperm function, including reduced sperm motility, decreased acrosome reaction and fertility rate, and abnormal sperm morphology Fan et al.

Similar to male obesity, the pro-inflammatory state in males induced by chronic infection, smoking, and environmental toxins is also associated with subfertility phenotypes Bachir and Jarvi, Thus, in the present study, our aim was to determine if there is a correlation between male obesity and chronic inflammation and elucidate its underlying mechanism.

Initially, an obese mouse model was successfully established by feeding a HFD which leads to development of an obese phenotype that includes significant increases in body weight, prominent rises in total cholesterol in, LDL, HDL, and apolipoprotein levels in the serum and serious hepatic steatosis.

Besides, a remarkable endocrine dysregulation was detected in obese mice. Such defects were accompanied by very notable abnormal sex hormone expression patterns that included increased estradiol and decreased testosterone and progesterone levels.

Sex steroid hormones, such as estradiol, testosterone, and progesterone, regulate a considerable number of functions including reproduction, cell proliferation, and apoptosis as well as the responses to microbial or viral infections Edwards, Sex steroid hormones can significantly modulate the activity of immune cells, i. It is apparent that obesity can induce testicular inflammation through activating several different signaling pathways.

In the male genital tract, testicular macrophages along with some proinflammatory cytokines such as IL-6 produced by Leydig and Sertoli cells contribute to the development of chronic inflammation Maegawa et al. On the other hand, some immune regulatory factors can be secreted by Leydig and Sertoli cells in the testis. All of these factors contribute to regulating spermatogenesis and other testicular cell functions Fraczek and Kurpisz, In addition, other proinflammatory cytokines as well as different immune regulatory factors are also produced in the epididymis and seminal vesicles Huleihel and Lunenfeld, ; Seshadri et al.

Rare but potentially serious complications of mumps include an infection of the brain itself, known as encephalitis. This is thought to occur in around 1 in 1, cases of mumps. Encephalitis is a potentially fatal condition that requires admission to a hospital intensive care unit. About 1 in 25 people with mumps experience some temporary hearing loss , but permanent loss of hearing is rare.

It's estimated this occurs in around 1 in 20, cases of mumps. In the past it was thought developing mumps during pregnancy increased the risk of miscarriage , but there's little evidence to support this.

But, as a general precaution it's recommended pregnant women avoid close contact with people known to have an active mumps infection or any other type of infection. If you're pregnant and you think you've come into contact with someone with mumps but you haven't been vaccinated, contact your GP or midwife for advice. Page last reviewed: 24 September Next review due: 24 September Doctors report alarming increase in mumps-related testicle problems among young males.

Retrieved November 12, from www. In a new study, researchers provide further proof of this by showing that mumps IgG titers, or Researchers found vaccine-derived immune Print Email Share. Boy or Girl? Just a Game? About half of people with paralytic polio are permanently paralyzed within a week of the start of symptoms. Others may recover completely or have mild physical disabilities. Tetanus — also known as "lockjaw" — is caused by a bacterium commonly found in soil, manure, and the digestive tracts of people and animals.

When the bacteria enter deep cuts or wounds that are difficult to clean, they can multiply and produce a toxin. The toxin acts as a poison for the nervous system, causing headache and muscular stiffness in the neck and jaw.

As the toxin accumulates, it causes spasms in the jaw, neck, and limbs, rigidity in the abdominal muscles, and convulsions. Symptoms are painful and last for weeks. This condition often requires hospitalization and carries a high fatality rate. Whooping cough pertussis is caused by a bacterium that infects the mouth, nose, and throat. It's highly contagious.

It causes severe coughing that can make it difficult to eat, drink, and breathe. Young children, especially infants under one year of age, are most susceptible to getting pertussis. The infection is often serious, leading to hospitalization. Complications may include pneumonia, convulsions, and, rarely, inflammation of the brain encephalitis or death. Rotavirus is a common cause of gastroenteritis in children. Routine vaccination against rotavirus has resulted in decreased incidences of and hospitalisations due to gastroenteritis, as well as, decreased infant deaths due to severe diarrhea.

Unlike other vaccines that are given as injections, the vaccine against the rotavirus is given by mouth. The vaccine is not always completely protective, but vaccinated children have much milder cases if they do get the infection. Influenza virus causes severe illness and pneumonia in all ages, but children and seniors are most at risk for serious complications.

Vaccination is recommended annually for everyone over 6 months of age at the beginning of the flu season usually in October or November. Annual revaccination is required because the type A flu virus changes its characteristics mutates yearly.

Human papilloma virus HPV is a virus that is spread through sexual contact. It is one of the most common sexually transmitted infections. There are many different types of HPV. Infection with certain types of HPV can cause genital warts, and can also cause certain cancers including cervical, penile, anal and throat cancer.

Vaccination against HPV can prevent these cancers from developing. For maximum protection, both boys and girls should receive the vaccine around ages 11 or 12, although vaccination may be started as early as age 9.

Vaccinations are generally available as a series of injections, sometimes combining several vaccinations. They're given at different times during infancy and childhood, usually during routine visits to a doctor's or pediatrician's office. Records of childhood vaccinations are often mandatory for children when they begin school. Side effects of vaccination are usually mild, but may include fever, soreness at the site of injection, tiredness, and a rash.

These pass within a couple of days and serious complications are very rare. Under certain conditions, vaccinations should be delayed or stopped. If your child has severe allergic reactions to a particular vaccine, remaining injections may have to be discontinued.

If your child has other allergies — to antibiotics or eggs, for instance — talk to your doctor about whether this affects vaccination. A child who's sick or whose immune system is compromised might have to postpone getting a regularly scheduled shot. Missing an injection doesn't require you to start most vaccination series from scratch. However, in some areas, it is not given until children reach grade 7.

For newborns, the first shot is given during a visit to a doctor or pediatrician after the baby has left the hospital, usually before the baby is 2 months old. The second shot is given at least 4 weeks after the first.